{
  "name": "Revenue Per Employee Benchmarks by Industry",
  "description": "Average annual revenue per employee for US firms with 10-99 employees, by industry and headcount band, derived from Census Bureau receipts and employment.",
  "homepage": "https://www.breathingroom.ai/tools/revenue-per-employee-benchmark",
  "citation": "BreathingRoom. Revenue Per Employee Benchmarks by Industry, derived from Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2022 Annual Data Tables (reference year 2022). Retrieved from https://www.breathingroom.ai/tools/revenue-per-employee-benchmark",
  "referenceYear": 2022,
  "spatialCoverage": "United States",
  "source": {
    "name": "Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2022 Annual Data Tables",
    "publisher": "US Census Bureau",
    "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html",
    "note": "US federal government data, public domain."
  },
  "method": "Total receipts divided by total employment within each industry and headcount band. These are averages, not medians; the Census publishes no distribution.",
  "caveats": [
    "Averages, not medians — the largest firm in a band pulls the figure upward.",
    "'Receipts' is not comparable across sectors: wholesale and retail are gross sales, manufacturing is value of shipments, advertising is commissions.",
    "Reference year is 2022. Census publishes receipts only in years ending 2 and 7.",
    "Figures are not inflation-adjusted, because that would be an estimate presented as a measurement."
  ],
  "bands": [
    "10–19",
    "20–49",
    "50–99",
    "10–99 (all)"
  ],
  "industries": [
    {
      "naics": "42",
      "name": "Wholesale Trade",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "distributors",
        "wholesalers",
        "importers"
      ],
      "firms": 60942,
      "employment": 1560916,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 1036713,
        "20–49": 1097401,
        "50–99": 1192085,
        "10–99 (all)": 1112299
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 808974,
      "changePct2017to2022": 37.5,
      "note": "Receipts are gross merchandise sales, not margin — which is why wholesale looks enormous. Not comparable to a services firm."
    },
    {
      "naics": "5312",
      "name": "Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "real estate brokerages",
        "agent teams"
      ],
      "firms": 3299,
      "employment": 67098,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 512077,
        "20–49": 479936,
        "50–99": 502508,
        "10–99 (all)": 497667
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 381057,
      "changePct2017to2022": 30.6,
      "note": "Commission income, not property sale values."
    },
    {
      "naics": "44-45",
      "name": "Retail Trade",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "shops",
        "e-commerce sellers",
        "dealerships"
      ],
      "firms": 119404,
      "employment": 2778157,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 329022,
        "20–49": 422193,
        "50–99": 586182,
        "10–99 (all)": 436278
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 330103,
      "changePct2017to2022": 32.2,
      "note": "Receipts are gross merchandise sales, not margin."
    },
    {
      "naics": "23",
      "name": "Construction",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "general contractors",
        "builders",
        "home builders"
      ],
      "firms": 125676,
      "employment": 3051596,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 313738,
        "20–49": 362470,
        "50–99": 398254,
        "10–99 (all)": 357160
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 279023,
      "changePct2017to2022": 28,
      "note": "Value of construction work done, including installed materials — not labour only."
    },
    {
      "naics": "5418",
      "name": "Advertising, Public Relations, and Related Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "marketing agencies",
        "ad agencies",
        "PR firms"
      ],
      "firms": 4751,
      "employment": 118812,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 288980,
        "20–49": 302193,
        "50–99": 319050,
        "10–99 (all)": 303578
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 223578,
      "changePct2017to2022": 35.8,
      "note": "Commissions and fees only, NOT gross media billings."
    },
    {
      "naics": "31-33",
      "name": "Manufacturing",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "manufacturers",
        "fabricators",
        "job shops"
      ],
      "firms": 81049,
      "employment": 2328342,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 230989,
        "20–49": 272924,
        "50–99": 330966,
        "10–99 (all)": 286119
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 223402,
      "changePct2017to2022": 28.1,
      "note": "Value of shipments, including intra-company transfers at full commercial value — this double-counts along the supply chain."
    },
    {
      "naics": "5415",
      "name": "Computer Systems Design and Related Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "IT services",
        "MSPs",
        "software development shops",
        "systems integrators"
      ],
      "firms": 16122,
      "employment": 439911,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 278237,
        "20–49": 277855,
        "50–99": 285407,
        "10–99 (all)": 280611
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 218523,
      "changePct2017to2022": 28.4,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "5411",
      "name": "Legal Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "law firms"
      ],
      "firms": 17813,
      "employment": 405571,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 234116,
        "20–49": 252602,
        "50–99": 269352,
        "10–99 (all)": 250178
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 211427,
      "changePct2017to2022": 18.3,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "2382",
      "name": "Building Equipment Contractors",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "HVAC contractors",
        "plumbing contractors",
        "electrical contractors"
      ],
      "firms": 39289,
      "employment": 957839,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 220405,
        "20–49": 247018,
        "50–99": 271733,
        "10–99 (all)": 245619
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 195120,
      "changePct2017to2022": 25.9,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "5416",
      "name": "Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "consulting firms",
        "management consultants"
      ],
      "firms": 15373,
      "employment": 381290,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 252735,
        "20–49": 242399,
        "50–99": 239055,
        "10–99 (all)": 244224
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 195929,
      "changePct2017to2022": 24.6,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "484",
      "name": "Truck Transportation",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "trucking companies",
        "freight carriers",
        "fleets"
      ],
      "firms": 18175,
      "employment": 473846,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 266073,
        "20–49": 241783,
        "50–99": 212281,
        "10–99 (all)": 238709
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 191151,
      "changePct2017to2022": 24.9,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "54",
      "name": "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "the professional services sector as a whole"
      ],
      "firms": 102728,
      "employment": 2476726,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 216794,
        "20–49": 233420,
        "50–99": 254633,
        "10–99 (all)": 234289
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 185142,
      "changePct2017to2022": 26.5,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "5413",
      "name": "Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "architecture firms",
        "engineering firms",
        "surveyors"
      ],
      "firms": 16777,
      "employment": 426847,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 210894,
        "20–49": 230855,
        "50–99": 246608,
        "10–99 (all)": 230150
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 189963,
      "changePct2017to2022": 21.2,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "5242",
      "name": "Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "insurance agencies",
        "insurance brokers"
      ],
      "firms": 9694,
      "employment": 201323,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 194138,
        "20–49": 239001,
        "50–99": 272812,
        "10–99 (all)": 228531
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 188042,
      "changePct2017to2022": 21.5,
      "note": "Commission and fee income, not premiums written."
    },
    {
      "naics": "48-49",
      "name": "Transportation and Warehousing",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "carriers",
        "3PLs",
        "warehousing"
      ],
      "firms": 37080,
      "employment": 1012756,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 260903,
        "20–49": 231257,
        "50–99": 185227,
        "10–99 (all)": 221309
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 178550,
      "changePct2017to2022": 23.9,
      "note": "Includes freight, warehousing and courier operations with very different revenue models."
    },
    {
      "naics": "6211",
      "name": "Offices of Physicians",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "medical practices",
        "physician groups",
        "clinics"
      ],
      "firms": 28314,
      "employment": 697547,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 198714,
        "20–49": 215583,
        "50–99": 226249,
        "10–99 (all)": 213560
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 177491,
      "changePct2017to2022": 20.3,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "621",
      "name": "Ambulatory Health Care Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "outpatient care",
        "urgent care",
        "home health"
      ],
      "firms": 102865,
      "employment": 2328935,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 146230,
        "20–49": 150403,
        "50–99": 148318,
        "10–99 (all)": 148369
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 128795,
      "changePct2017to2022": 15.2,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "6212",
      "name": "Offices of Dentists",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "dental practices"
      ],
      "firms": 31234,
      "employment": 519100,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 142064,
        "20–49": 151159,
        "50–99": 166671,
        "10–99 (all)": 146817
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 127134,
      "changePct2017to2022": 15.5,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "5412",
      "name": "Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "CPA firms",
        "accounting firms",
        "bookkeepers",
        "payroll bureaus"
      ],
      "firms": 12108,
      "employment": 260216,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 130808,
        "20–49": 140384,
        "50–99": 144917,
        "10–99 (all)": 137766
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 106636,
      "changePct2017to2022": 29.2,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "naics": "5613",
      "name": "Employment Services",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "staffing agencies",
        "recruiting firms",
        "temp agencies"
      ],
      "firms": 8056,
      "employment": 290789,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 172626,
        "20–49": 125886,
        "50–99": 99764,
        "10–99 (all)": 118556
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 87806,
      "changePct2017to2022": 35,
      "note": "Gross client billings, while placed temps count as the firm's own employees — which is why this figure is structurally low."
    },
    {
      "naics": "7225",
      "name": "Restaurants and Other Eating Places",
      "alsoKnownAs": [
        "restaurants",
        "cafes",
        "fast casual",
        "bars serving food"
      ],
      "firms": 195053,
      "employment": 4927062,
      "revenuePerEmployee": {
        "10–19": 73094,
        "20–49": 65447,
        "50–99": 68748,
        "10–99 (all)": 68321
      },
      "revenuePerEmployee2017": 51243,
      "changePct2017to2022": 33.3,
      "note": null
    }
  ]
}